Scholars in the Islamic world preserved and built upon the mathematical knowledge of ancient Greece, India, and Persia.

They were instrumental in adopting and popularizing the Hindu-Arabic numeral system, including the crucial concept of zero.

The 9th-century Persian scholar Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi is known as the 'father of algebra.'

The word 'algebra' comes from the title of his book, 'al-jabr,' which detailed systematic methods for solving linear and quadratic equations.

The word 'algorithm' is a Latinization of al-Khwarizmi's name.

Islamic mathematicians made significant advances in trigonometry, developing the sine, cosine, and tangent functions.

They also developed spherical trigonometry, which had practical applications in astronomy and determining the direction to Mecca (qibla).

Omar Khayyam, a Persian poet and mathematician, developed methods for solving cubic equations.

The decimal point notation was introduced by the Islamic mathematician al-Uqlidisi.

These mathematical innovations were later transmitted to Europe, playing a key role in the Scientific Revolution.