Egyptian doctors had a sophisticated understanding of practical medicine and surgery for their time.

Medical knowledge is documented in texts like the Edwin Smith Papyrus, which details surgical procedures, and the Ebers Papyrus, a list of remedies.

They could set broken bones, perform simple surgeries, and had a basic knowledge of anatomy, likely gained from mummification.

Their pharmacology included hundreds of remedies derived from plants, animals, and minerals.

Some doctors specialized in specific fields, such as dentistry or ophthalmology.

In engineering, the construction of the pyramids demonstrates a mastery of quarrying, logistics, and precise measurement.

They used simple tools like levers, ramps, and sledges to move and lift massive stone blocks.

Egyptian engineers designed complex irrigation systems to control the Nile's floodwaters and expand agriculture.

The construction of temples like Karnak required precise astronomical alignments.

Their achievements in both fields show a remarkable blend of practical knowledge and organizational skill.