The Industrial Revolution led to a massive migration of people from rural areas to cities in search of work.

This resulted in the explosive, unplanned growth of new industrial cities like Manchester in England.

Cities became severely overcrowded, with working-class families often living in cramped, unsanitary tenement buildings.

Basic public services, such as clean water supply, sanitation, and garbage collection, were inadequate or nonexistent.

These conditions led to frequent outbreaks of deadly diseases like cholera, typhoid, and tuberculosis.

Industrial pollution from factories and coal fires filled the air and contaminated rivers.

Overcrowding and poverty were associated with high rates of crime and social problems.

The stark contrast between the wealthy industrial neighborhoods and the poor working-class slums became a defining feature of the industrial city.

Social reformers began to document and expose these terrible conditions, leading to calls for public health and housing reforms.

Rapid urbanization was one of the most significant and challenging social consequences of industrialization.