Modern conservatism emerged in the late 18th century as a reaction against the radical changes of the French Revolution.

The Irish statesman Edmund Burke is often considered the 'father of modern conservatism.'

In his 'Reflections on the Revolution in France,' Burke criticized the revolution for its abstract reasoning and its destruction of traditional institutions.

Conservatism emphasizes the importance of tradition, established institutions (like the church and the monarchy), and social order.

It is generally skeptical of rapid change and radical reform, preferring gradual, organic change.

Conservatives tend to believe in the value of hierarchy, authority, and social stability.

They often emphasize patriotism, national security, and law and order.

In the 19th century, conservatism was the main ideology defending the established aristocratic and monarchical order against liberalism.

In the 20th century, conservatism evolved to include a defense of free-market capitalism against socialism and communism.

Modern conservatism is a diverse ideology with various branches, including traditionalist, social, and fiscal conservatism.