In the early 19th century, Muhammad Ali, an Ottoman army officer, established himself as the ruler of Egypt and founded a dynasty that would last until 1952.

Muhammad Ali is considered the founder of modern Egypt, as he implemented major military, economic, and administrative reforms.

European influence, particularly British and French, grew throughout the 19th century, driven by economic interests.

The construction of the Suez Canal, completed in 1869, dramatically increased Egypt's strategic importance.

In 1882, Britain occupied Egypt to protect its financial interests and secure control of the Suez Canal, a vital route to India.

The 20th century saw the rise of a strong Egyptian nationalist movement against British rule.

The 1952 revolution, led by the Free Officers Movement, overthrew the monarchy.

Gamal Abdel Nasser emerged as the leader of the revolution and became a major figure of Pan-Arab nationalism.

Key events under Nasser included the Suez Crisis of 1956 and the Six-Day War of 1967.

The 20th century ended with the long rule of Hosni Mubarak, who was later overthrown in the 2011 revolution during the Arab Spring.