Iconoclasm refers to the destruction of religious images (icons) and the prohibition of their use in worship.

The controversy was a major religious and political conflict that convulsed the Byzantine Empire for over a century (726-843 CE).

The first period of Iconoclasm was initiated by Emperor Leo III, who may have been influenced by Islamic aniconism or believed icons were idols.

The supporters of icons, known as Iconodules, argued that images were a valid means of venerating God and the saints.

The theologian John of Damascus was a key defender of icons, distinguishing between veneration and worship.

The controversy caused a deep rift in Byzantine society, pitting emperors and parts of the army against monks and much of the populace.

The Second Council of Nicaea in 787 CE temporarily restored the use of icons.

Iconoclasm was briefly revived in the 9th century before being definitively condemned.

The final restoration of icons in 843 CE is celebrated in the Eastern Orthodox Church as the 'Triumph of Orthodoxy.'

The controversy helped to define the central role of icons in Orthodox Christian theology and worship.