Roman law, particularly as codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis of Justinian, forms the basis of the civil law systems used in most of Europe.

Legal principles such as 'innocent until proven guilty' and the importance of written law are part of the Roman legacy.

The Latin language spoken by the Romans evolved into the modern Romance languages: French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian.

Latin heavily influenced the English language, providing a vast portion of its vocabulary.

Roman engineering pioneered the use of the arch, the vault, and concrete, enabling the construction of massive and durable structures.

Architectural forms like the basilica, triumphal arch, and amphitheater were Roman inventions that have been imitated for centuries.

The Romans built an extensive and durable network of roads, many of which formed the basis for later European road systems.

Aqueducts, which brought fresh water to cities, were a testament to their advanced hydraulic engineering.

The grid-based plan of Roman military camps ('castra') influenced the layout of many European cities.

The idea of a universal, multi-ethnic state united by law and administration remained a powerful ideal in Europe.