The Middle Kingdom (c. 2055–1650 BCE) was a period of reunification and cultural flourishing after the First Intermediate Period.

It was initiated by the Theban ruler Mentuhotep II, who reunified the country.

The concept of the pharaoh shifted from a remote god-king to a 'shepherd of his people,' responsible for their welfare.

This era is considered the golden age of ancient Egyptian literature, producing classic works like 'The Story of Sinuhe.'

The pharaohs of the Middle Kingdom undertook major land reclamation projects, particularly in the Faiyum oasis.

A series of powerful military forts were constructed in Nubia to the south to control trade routes and resources.

Burial practices changed, with pharaohs often being buried in more concealed rock-cut tombs rather than large pyramids.

The god Amun of Thebes grew in prominence, eventually merging with the sun god Ra to become Amun-Ra.

Art from this period is often noted for its greater realism and emotional depth compared to Old Kingdom art.

The Middle Kingdom ended with the invasion and rule of the Hyksos, a people from Western Asia.