The Neo-Babylonian Empire was founded in 626 BCE after a successful rebellion against the Assyrians.

Its most powerful and longest-reigning monarch was Nebuchadnezzar II, who ruled from 605 to 562 BCE.

Under Nebuchadnezzar, Babylon became one of the most magnificent cities of the ancient world.

He is credited with building the legendary Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

The Ishtar Gate, a massive and brilliantly decorated ceremonial gate, was a central feature of the city.

In 586 BCE, Nebuchadnezzar's army conquered the Kingdom of Judah, destroyed the First Temple in Jerusalem, and deported the Jewish population to Babylon.

Babylonian astronomers made significant advancements, creating detailed star catalogs and developing early forms of horoscopy.

The empire controlled lucrative trade routes and prospered from agriculture and commerce.

The Neo-Babylonian Empire was short-lived, lasting less than a century.

It was conquered by Cyrus the Great of Persia in 539 BCE.