The Shang Dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE) is the earliest Chinese dynasty to be confirmed by archaeological evidence.

It was centered in the Yellow River Valley and was a Bronze Age civilization.

The Shang are renowned for their sophisticated bronze casting, used to create elaborate ritual vessels.

The earliest known form of Chinese writing was developed during this period, found inscribed on 'oracle bones.'

Oracle bones were ox scapulae or turtle shells used for divination by the Shang kings.

The Shang state was a network of walled towns, ruled by a king who acted as both a political and religious leader.

Archaeological excavations at the last Shang capital, Yin (near modern Anyang), have revealed royal tombs, palace foundations, and workshops.

The Shang practiced ancestor worship and believed in a high god, Shangdi.

Royal burials often included large numbers of human and animal sacrifices.

The dynasty was overthrown by the Zhou, who established the subsequent dynasty in China.