The Third Crusade was launched in response to the capture of Jerusalem in 1187 by the great Muslim sultan, Saladin.

It was known as the 'Crusade of Kings' because it was led by three of Europe's most powerful monarchs.

The leaders were Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, King Philip II of France, and King Richard I ('the Lionheart') of England.

Frederick Barbarossa drowned en route to the Holy Land, and much of his army returned home.

The crusaders' first major success was the long and difficult Siege of Acre, which they eventually recaptured.

Rivalry between Richard and Philip led to the French king returning home after the fall of Acre.

Richard the Lionheart led the remainder of the crusade, winning a significant victory over Saladin at the Battle of Arsuf.

Despite his military successes, Richard's army was not strong enough to attempt a siege of Jerusalem.

The crusade ended with the Treaty of Jaffa, a three-year truce that left Jerusalem under Muslim control but allowed unarmed Christian pilgrims to visit the city.

The Third Crusade is famous for the chivalrous rivalry and mutual respect between Richard and Saladin.