Thermodynamics is the study of heat and energy transfer.

Heat flows from a hotter object to a cooler one.

The first law of thermodynamics is the conservation of energy.

The second law of thermodynamics says entropy (disorder) tends to increase.

Temperature measures the average energy of particles in a substance.

Thermal energy depends on the total energy of all particles.

Heat can be transferred by conduction, convection, or radiation.

Engines convert heat energy into mechanical work.

Insulators slow down heat transfer.

Thermodynamics helps us understand weather, engines, and refrigerators.